ISBN New York Times Magazine. Herbert Spiegel". New York Review of Books. The Making of a Disease abstract , nybooks. History of Psychiatry. PMID The bifurcation of the self: the history and theory of dissociation and its disorders. Berlin: Springer. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. Sybil Exposed. Free Press. New York Times. Retrieved October 16, New York Post. Abandoned Ladder, However, Spiegel did not make these claims until after Schreiber, Wilbur and Mason were all dead.
In August , psychologist Robert Rieber of John Jay College of Criminal Justice challenged Mason's diagnosis, citing the tapes and claiming she was an "extremely suggestible hysteric". He claimed Wilbur had manipulated Mason in order to secure a book deal. In a review of Rieber's book Bifurcation of the Self , Mark Lawrence asserts that Schreiber repeatedly distorted the evidence and left out a number of important facts about Mason's case to advance his case against the validity of the diagnosis.
Nathan claims that Wilbur, Mason, and Schreiber knowingly perpetrated a fraud and describes the purported manipulation of Wilbur by Mason and vice versa and that the case created an "industry" of repressed memory. Nathan ascribes Mason's physical and sensory issues to a lifelong case of pernicious anemia , the symptoms of which were mistaken at the time for psychogenic issues. She notes that after Mason was treated with calf's-liver supplements for chronic blood disorders as a child and young woman, her psychological symptoms likewise went into remission for years at a time.
Nathan's writing and her research methods have been publicly criticized by Mason's family and by Dr. Patrick Suraci, who was personally acquainted with Shirley Mason.
In addition, Suraci claims that Spiegel behaved unethically in withholding tapes which supposedly proved Wilbur had induced Mason to believe she had multiple personalities. Spiegel also claimed to have made films of himself hypnotizing Mason, supposedly proving that Wilbur had "implanted false memories" in her mind, but when Suraci asked to see the films Spiegel said he had lost them.
In , Nancy Preston published After Sybil , a personal memoir which includes facsimile reproductions of Mason's personal letters to her, along with color plates of her paintings.
The two became close friends and corresponded until a few days before Mason's death. In therapy, Shirley would imply that the personalities were generated because something terrible had happened to her. Journalist Flora Schreiber got involved because although Dr. Wilbur believed the case would make her famous, she wasn't a good writer.
Eventually, as Schreiber started fact-checking the story, she began to doubt its veracity. But by then she had already been paid an advance, and when she confronted Dr. Wilbur and Shirley, they stuck by the story. At the time the book was published, it was considered shaming to go to a psychiatrist, so Shirley tried to keep her identity secret. But some people did realize that Shirley Mason was Sybil. Shirley had gotten a job teaching art at a college in the Midwest.
But when she was effectively "outed" among colleagues, she ended up going into hiding and depending on Dr. Wilbur for support. Nathan went on to say that the case created a stir because it touched on issues that many women were dealing with at the time. Many young women wrote to Schreiber to say that Sybil's story struck a chord with them. They felt torn between the traditional female role and new opportunities that were opening up as a result of feminism. In Nathan's view, there are more constructive options for dealing with that tension.
And continues not to do them any favours. The diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder "clearly exists, when you have experts who are interested in finding it and they diagnose it," Nathan acknowledged. But she compares it to the Middle Ages, when it was assumed many people were possessed by devils. They freely went to the inquisitors and the priests and said that they felt possessed.
Nathan added that it's not uncommon for people to "express their distress by feeling that there's something inside them, whether it's a demon or a spirit or a self, there's something inside them that doesn't really belong there. Additionally, it was reported that Mattie had been diagnosed as a schizophrenic, though it remains unclear if this entirely true. Later, Shirley became a substitute teacher in the s and even attended Columbia University.
As time progressed, Shirley reported having periods of blackouts in her life and had emotional breakdowns. The consistent breakdowns would lead Shirley to seek therapy to resolve her issues. Shirley sought treatment by Freudian psychoanalyst Dr. Shirley would be under Dr. Wilbur would go on to practice and teach around the country before settling into Lexington, Kentucky for a period.
This was when Shirley followed Dr. Wilbur and moved to Lexington as well so she could be closer to Dr. Wilbur and completed her treatment.
From a young age, it was alleged that Shirley Mason had suffered extensive physical and sexual abuse at the hands of her parents. Mattie would proceed to lock the kitchen door, pull the shades for the door and windows, and then placed Shirley atop the kitchen table. According to Shirley, her mother would not always do the same things to her, though they were all usually terrible.
Shirley also alleged that Mattie would give her enemas, forcing the catheter tip into her urethra and would fill her bladder full of ice water. It was also alleged that Mattie would force a flashlight, a small bottle, or a silver knife into Shirley. It was Dr. Cornelia Wilbur who discovered these atrocities during her therapy sessions with Shirley. Though Shirley sought help, she was so young, she had no advantage over her parents.
And thus, it was posited that Shirley stopped looking outside for help and focused from within. That is when she developed 16 alters or personalities to help her deal with her traumatic experiences as a child. In the early stages of her pathology, Shirley attempted to create a fantasy world where she had a caring and loving mother.
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